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Adrenals

The adrenal glands are small hormon producing glands that are situated right above the kidneys. They consist of two seperat parts, the inner聽medulla and the outer cortex. The medulla produces adrenalin and noradrenaline which聽prepares the body for stressful situations by mobilizing the聽body for effort through increasing blood flow to the muscles, freein energy reserves and increasing聽the stroke volume聽of the heart. The cortex produces hormones, which unlike for the medulla, are life vital. These include聽sex hormones (andorgens), cortisol and aldosterone in three different layers. Alodsterone聽regulates blood pressure聽by influencing the salt balanc, while cortisol is released during stress and聽hunger, and is vital for the metabolism, kidney function and聽immune regulation.

Adrenal insufficiency

Adrenal insufficiency or Addisons disease, is a disorder where the adrenal glands fail to produce sufficient levels of hormones. In the western world the most common cause of Addison is an autoimmune attack of the cortex causing the hormon production to cease, but tubercolosis, adrenal bleeding or overmedication can also trigger Addisons. Common聽symptoms of adrenal insufficiency are skin pigmentation, wheight loss,聽GI problems, dizzyness caused by low bloodpressure, fatigue. Addison is treated聽by a life long聽substitution therapy taking tablets with artificially produced cortisol and aldosterone.

In acute infections or high stress situations the conidition can worsen causing an adrenal crisis which is a life threatening condition that requires immdiate treatment with hydrocortisone injection.

De vanligste symptomene for binyresvikt er pigmentflekker p氓 huden, vekttap, 酶kt salthunger, utmattelse, mageproblemer og svimmelhet pga lavt blodtrykk

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Nursing Educations Consultants Inc

Autoimmunity

Our immune systems keeps us healthy by protecting us from the constant threat from聽bacteria, virus and other microorganisms. Through a series of different actions constituting an immune respons, the immune system attacks any organism or substance that is capable of invading our body and causing illness.

The immune defence consists of a network of cells, tissues and organs workin together in a complex system to protect our body. One type of cells is lymphocytes or white blood cells. These are produces and stored in several parts of the body, including the thymus, spleen and bone marrow, collectively known as lymphoid organs. There are altso clumps of lymphois tissue in different parts of the body, the lymph nodes, which is the home of the white blood cells. When they face an intruder it starts聽a complex and closely regulated immune response requiring collaboration between several cell types and organs.

The lymphoctes carry surface markers (receptors)聽that can recognize a聽different bacteria聽and virii. Early in the聽development of one聽subgroup of lymphocytes known as T-cells, these cells聽learns the difference between聽own and聽foreign. The immune cells are only meant to start an immunological respons against foreign invaders and not聽the cells and organs of its own body.聽Autoimmune diseases are often caused by T-cells going after the wrong targets, attacking itself instead. We don't hava a complete understanding of why some are prone to develop autoimmune diseases, but we think it's a combination of genetic predispositions which prevents the immun system from responding correctly to enviornmental "triggers" such as stress or infections. Autoimmune Addison is a disease caused by T-cells destroying the adrenal cortex.