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We divide the peer-reviewed CNA literature up into methodological pieces, which further develop CNA as a method or compare it to other methods, and applied pieces, which use CNA for data analysis purposes. A Zotero CNA Group library providing more detailed bibliographical information is available听. We also list recent PhD theses on or using CNA.

Methodological

The details of the state of the art of the CNA method, as implemented in the听听R package, are described here:

• M. Baumgartner and M. Amb眉hl (2023), cna: An R Package for Configurational Causal Inference and Modeling. R package vignette: The Comprehensive R Archive Network.听.

• M. Baumgartner and M. Amb眉hl (2020),听,听Political Science Research and Methods听8, 526-542, doi: 10.1017/psrm.2018.45. Replication material at听;听

Short and informal introductions to configurational causal modeling are provided in the following papers:

• von Thiele Schwarz, U., S酶rensen, O. H., Tafvelin, S., & Roczniewska, M. (2024), , Work & Stress, 1鈥�7, doi:10.1080/02678373.2024.2349000

• Whitaker, R.G., N. Sperber, M. Baumgartner, et al.听(2020), , Implementation Science 15, 108. doi: 10.1186/s13012-020-01070-3

This paper introduces CNA robustness scoring, as implemented in the听听R package:

• V.P. Parkkinen and M. Baumgartner (2021),听,听Sociological Methods & Research.听

This paper discusses a protocol for finding optimally obtainable consistency and coverage scores for a given data set. (The algorithms introduced in this paper are implemented in听the听听R package):

• M. Baumgartner and M. Amb眉hl (2021),听,听Sociological Methods & Research.听; .

This paper uncovers shortcomings of consistency and coverage and introduces two additional evaluation measures:

• L. De Souter (2024), , Journal of Causal Inference, vol. 12, no. 1, 2024, doi:10.1515/jci-2023-0014

These papers compare CNA and QCA:

• M. Swiatczak (2022),,听Quality & Quantity, 56:1913鈥�1937

• Haesebrouck T and Thomann E. (2022), . Quality & Quantity, 56:1867鈥�1888.

This paper compares CNA and Logic Regression:

• M. Baumgartner and C. Falk (2021),听,听Multivariate Behavioral Research.听;听

This paper investigates the impact of data imbalances (skewness) on CNA's performance:

• M. D. Swiatczak and M. Baumgartner (2024), . Sociological Methods & Research, doi: 10.1177/00491241241227039.

Older versions of the CNA method are introduced/discussed here:

• M. Baumgartner and A. Thiem (2015), , The R Journal 7, 176-184.

• M. Baumgartner (2013), , Field Methods 25, 3-24.

• M. Baumgartner (2009), , Synthese 170, 71-96.

• M. Baumgartner (2009), , Sociological Methods & Research 38, 71-101.

Applied

• Pratt-Chapman, M.L., Miech, E.J., Mullins, M.A., Chang, S., Quinn, G.P., Maingi, S., Schabath, M.B. and Kamen, C. (2025), Difference-Makers for Collecting Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Data in Oncology Settings. Cancer Med, 14: e70727.

• Matson TE, Lee AK, Miech EJ, Wartko PD, et al., Bradley KA. . J Subst Use Addict Treat. 2025 Feb 15:209642. doi: 10.1016/j.josat.2025.209642. PMID: 39961581.

• Chuang, E., Bunger, A., Smith, R. et al. . Implement Sci Commun 5, 127 (2024).

• A.T.听Kelley, M.A.听Incze, M.听Baumgartner, A.N.C.听Campbell, E.V.听Nunes , D.O.听Scharfstein (2024), , Drug and Alcohol Dependence, Volume 260, doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111368.

• Becker, J., Poast, P., & Haesebrouck, T. (2024), Setting targets: Abatement cost, vulnerability, and the agreement of NATO鈥檚 Wales Pledge on Defense Investment. Journal of Peace Research, 0(0).

• Duan, Y., Wang, J., Lanham, H.J. et al. (2024), , Implement Sci Commun 5, 63, doi:10.1186/s43058-024-00600-0

• Barroso, M. B. C., & Moraes, S. M.(2024), I. Brazilian Journal of Marketing, 23(2), 580-602, doi:10.5585/remark.v23i2.23369

• Haesebrouck, T. (2024), , Foreign Policy Analysis, Volume 20, Issue 2, orae005, doi: 10.1093/fpa/orae005

• Kaye, S., Hood, S., Cragun, D. et al. (2024), . Prevention Science, doi:听10.1007/s11121-024-01669-8

• Akerstrom, M., J. Severin, E.J. Miech, E. Wikstr枚m, and M. Roczniewska (2024), , Int Arch Occup Environ Health, doi: 10.1007/s00420-024-02048-0

• Johnson, C, AlRasheed, R, Gray, C, Triplett, N, Mbwayo, A, Weinhold, A, Whetten, K,听 Dorsey, S. (2024), , Implementation Research and Practice, 5, doi:10.1177/26334895231220277.

• Chava Pollak, Joe Verghese, Helena M Blumen (2024), , The Gerontologist, Volume 64, Issue 6, gnad173, doi:10.1093/geront/gnad173

• Roczniewska M, Tafvelin S, Nielsen K, von Thiele Schwarz U, Miech EJ, Hasson H, Edwards K,听 Abildgaard JS, Sorensen OH (2023), , Applied Psychology. doi: 10.1111/apps.12502.

• Damush, T, Wilkinson, J, Martin, H, Miech, E, Tang, Q, Taylor, S, Daggy, J, Bastin, G, Islam, R, Myers, L, Penney, L, Narechania, A, Schreiber, S, Williams, L, (2023), , Frontiers in Health Services, 3. doi:10.3389/frhs.2023.1210197.

• Dean, M, Tezak, A, Johnson, S, Weidner, A, Almanza, D, Pal, T, Cragun, D (2023), , Genetics in Medicine, 25, 100945, doi:10.1016/j.gim.2023.100945.

• Piper, KN, KM Anderson, CW Kokubun, AN Sheth, and J Sales (2023), , Implementation Science Communications 4: 1鈥�14, doi: 10.1186/s43058-023-00450-2.
  (The authors explicitly use the "msc" function in CNA for factor selection in this analysis.)

• Dodge, J.R., Youles, B., Caldararo, J. et al. (2023), , Journal of General Internal Medicine, doi: 10.1007/s11606-023-08115-5

• Salvati ZM, Rahm AK, Williams MS....Cragun D. (2023), , Implementation Science Communications 4 (2023): 43, doi:听10.1186/s43058-023-00424-4

• Knott CL, Miech EJ, Woodward N, Huq M (2023), , Global Implementation Research and Applications, doi:听10.1007/s43477-023-00089-0

• Haesebrouck T. (2023), , International Interactions, doi: 10.1080/03050629.2023.2184815
  (A template application of the frscore routine.)

• Sprang G, Miech EJ, Gusler S (2023), , Implementation Research & Practice, doi: 10.1177/26334895231164582.

• Dodge J, Sullivan K, Miech E, Clomax A, Riviere L, Castro C. (2023), , Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, doi:10.1007/s40615-023-01551-3.

• dos Santos LF, Martins RS, Freitas JS. (2023), Configura莽玫es explicativas do desenvolvimento da resili锚ncia nas redes de suprimentos da administra莽茫o p煤blica, Revista de Administra莽茫o P煤blica,听57(1):听e-2022-0209. (ENG: "," Brazilian Journal of Public Administration).听
  (Full text of article also available in English).

• Cragun, DL, PP Hunt, M Dean, A Weidner, AK Shields, A Tezak, and T Pal (2023), , PEC Innovation,听doi: 10.1016/j.pecinn.2023.100133.

• Rattray, N, Miech EJ, True G, Natividad D, Laws B, Frankel RM, Kukla M (2023), , Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 17(1), 70鈥�92, doi: 10.1177/15586898211059616.
  (First publication to formally pair qualitative thematic analysis with CNA.)

• Damschroder LJ, Miech EJ, Freitag MB, Evans R, Burns JA, Raffa SD, Goldstein MG, Annis A, Spohr SA, Wiitala WL (2022), , Translational Behavioral Medicine, 12(11):1029-1037. doi: 10.1093/tbm/ibac051.
  (Designated听as an "Editor's Choice" article.)

• S谩nchez Ib谩帽ez A, Franco Hidalgo-Chac贸n MdlM, S谩nchez-Romero EA, Cuenca-Zaldivar JN. (2022), , Sustainability, 14(24):16439, doi: 10.3390/su142416439.

• Adams KK, Miech EJ, Sobieraj DM. (2022),听, Addiction Science & Clinical Practice, 17(1):55. doi: 10.1186/s13722-022-00336-z.
  (This is the second study ever to apply CNA in the field of pharmacy, and draws upon a subset of data from an earlier systematic review.)

• Rich JA, Miech EJ, Semenza DC, Corbin TJ (2022), , Preventive Medicine, doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107262.
  (The 2nd "geoconfigurational" analysis integrating CNA solutions with maps.)

• Charns MP, Lerner B , Yakovchenko V, MS, Urech TH, Shin MH, Kim B, Engle RL, Vashi AA (2023), , Health Services Research 58(2), 343-355, doi: 10.1111/1475-6773.14072.
  (The 1st CNA analysis to be published in HSR, an AcademyHealth journal.)

• Sperber NR, Miech EJ, Clary AS, Perry K, Edwards-Orr M, Rudolph JL, Van Houtven CH, Thomas KS. (2022), , Healthcare 10(4), 100653. doi: 10.1016/j.hjdsi.2022.100653.
  (First multi-level cna analysis to be published in the literatures for health services research and implementation听science.)

• Womack DM, Miech EJ, Fox NJ, Silvey LC, Somerville AM, Eldredge DH, Steege LM. (2022),听 , Applied Clinical Informatics (4), 794-802, doi: 10.1055/s-0042-1756368.
  (First published CNA analysis in medical informatics.)

• Gwayi-Chore, MC., Aruldas, K., Avokpaho, E.听et al. (2022), , BMC Health Serv Res听22, 792. doi: 10.1186/s12913-022-08080-5

• Miech听EJ,听Perkins听AJ,听Zhang听Y,听Myers LJ, Sico JJ, Daggy J, Bravata DM (2022),.听BMJ Open 12, e061469,听 doi:听10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061469
  (This analysis of over 3000 cases uses a split-sample design and directly compares results from conducting CNA and logistic regression on the same dataset.)

• Rich JA, Miech EJ, Bilal U, Corbin TJ (2022), , BMC Public Health 22, 1044, doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-13414-3听
  (This article combines CNA and GIS to create a new "geoconfigurational" approach.)

• Mulrooney M, Smith M, Sobieraj D, Shipley B, Miech E (2022), . Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, doi: 10.1016/j.japh.2022.03.019.
  (This is the first article to apply CNA in pharmacy.)

• Davis MM, Schneider JL, Petrik AF, Miech EJ, Younger B, Escaron AL, Rivelli JS, Thompson JH, Nyongesa D, Coronado GD (2022), , Ann Fam Med. 20(2), 123-129, doi: 10.1370/afm.2772.

• Edianto, Achmed, Gregory Trencher, and Kazuyo Matsubae (2022), , Energy for Sustainable Development 66, 177鈥�88, doi: 10.1016/j.esd.2021.12.004.

• Winchester, B., Cragun, D., Redlinger-Grosse, K., et al., Zierhut, H (2022), , Journal of Genetic Counseling, doi: 10.1002/jgc4.1554.
  (First application of CNA in genetic counseling.)

• Yakovchenko V, Morgan TR, Miech EJ, et al., Rogal SS. (2022), . Hepatology Feb 6, doi: 10.1002/hep.32395.
  (Hepatology has an impact factor of >17, ranking it among the Top 200 science journals in the world.)

• Knott CL, Miech EJ, Slade J, Woodard N, Robinson-Shaneman BJ, Huq M. (2022), .听Glob Implement Res Appl. doi: 10.1007/s43477-021-00033-0
  (First publication to apply CNA in health services research to health promotion activities outside of a traditional healthcare setting; first configurational study of any kind to appear in GIRA, a brand-new implementation science journal; open access.)

• Dy SM, Acton RM, Yuan CT, Hsu YJ, et al., Scholle SH. (2022), ,听The Journal of Patient Safety 18(1), e249-e256, doi: 10.1097/PTS.0000000000000752
  (One of the first publications in health services research to list Coincidence Analysis in the title of an article; first 2022 CNA publication of any kind (officially published 01 January 2022).)

• Schlick CJ, Huang R, Brajcich BC, Halverson, AL, Yang AD, Kreutzer L, et al. (2022), ,听Diseases of the Colon and Rectum 65(8), 1052-1061, doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000002223.

• Swiatczak, MD (2021),听.听Motivation and Emotion. doi: 10.1007/s11031-021-09906-1
  (First CNA application in the behavioral sciences.)

• Miech, E.J., Freitag, M.B., Evans, R.R. et al.听(2021),听.听BMC Health Serv Res听21, 797, doi: 10.1186/s12913-021-06774-w
  (First publication anywhere to use the 鈥�7cs鈥� solution visualization; open access.)

• Cohen, D.J., Shannon M. Sweeney, William L. Miller, et al., Miguel Marino (2021),听,听The Annals of Family Medicine 19 (3), 240-248, doi: 10.1370/afm.2668
  (First application of CNA to appear in Annals of Family Medicine, the top-ranked peer-reviewed primary care research journal in North America; open access.)

• Coury, J., E. Miech, P. Styer et al.听(2021), . Implement Sci Commun 2, 5, doi: 10.1186/s43058-020-00104-7
  (First configurational study of any kind to appear in Implementation Science Communications, a relatively new implementation science journal; open access.)

• Nunes, F. A. S. F., J. S.听Freitas (2021), . Revista Intercontinental de Gest茫o Desportiva 11 (e1122), 1-11. doi: 10.51995/2237-3373.v11i1e110022

• Whitaker, R.G., N. Sperber, M. Baumgartner, et al.听(2020),听,听Implementation Science听15, 108, doi: 10.1186/s13012-020-01070-3
  (First time in its history that the journal Implementation Science 鈥� the top journal in the field 鈥� has ever published a full-length configurational analysis of any kind; > 9880 accesses to date; open access.)

• Chebbi Nekhili, D. & Chakroun, H. (2020), , La Revue des Sciences de Gestion, 303-304, 95-104.

• Petrik, A., B. Green, J. Schneider et al.听(2020),听,听Journal of General Internal Medicine, doi: 10.1007/s11606-020-06186-2.
  (Article appeared in a special issue of JGIM devoted to implementation science; open access.)

• Hickman, S. E., E. Miech et al.听(2020),听,听The Gerontologist 60(8) December 2020, 1566鈥�1574,听doi: 10.1093/geront/gnaa041
  (The Gerontologist is one of the top three journals in gerontology; open access.)

• Yakovchenko, V., E. Miech et al.听(2020),听,听Medical Care听58(5), p.听e31-e38, doi: 10.1097/MLR.0000000000001319
  (Top-cited CNA publication in health services research; first published CNA article in health services research; first reference to using E. Miech鈥檚 msc routine for data reduction; appeared as part of 鈥淎pplied Methods鈥� section in Medical Care; open access.)

• Moret, W. and L. Lorenzetti (2020),听.听Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies. doi: 10.1080/17450128.2020.1738022

• Haesebrouck, T. (2019),听,听Journal of Peace Research, doi: 10.1177/0022343319854787
  (An exemplary CNA application in International Relations.)

• Epple. R. and S. Schief (2016), Fighting (for) gender equality: the roles of social movements and power resources,听Interface: a journal for and about social movements Vol. 8, No.2., 394-432.

• Baumgartner, M. and R. Epple (2014),听,听Sociological Methods & Research听43, 280-312.听
  (First study to ever apply CNA to real-life data.)

Conceptual

• Ding, H. (2023), , International Journal of Qualitative Methods 2, doi: 10.1177/16094069231182634.
  (CNA is cited extensively in the author's case for implementing a bottom-up algorithm in QCA.)

• McGinty EE, Seewald NJ, Bandara S, Cerd谩 M, Daumit GL, Eisenberg MD, Griffin BA, Igusa T, Jackson JW, Kennedy-Hendricks A, Marsteller J, Miech EJ, Purtle J, Schmid I, Schuler MS, Yuan CT, Stuart EA. (2022). . Prevention Science. doi: 10.1007/s11121-022-01427-8.

• Quintana, R. (2022), , Quality & Quantity, doi: 10.1007/s11135-022-01349-1

• Veri, F., and Barrowman, H. (2022), , Swiss Political Science Review 28(1), 116-128, doi: 10.1111/spsr.12485

• Rendle KA, Beidas RS. (2021), . Translational Behavioral Medicine, 11(11):1980-1988.

• M. Baumgartner and C. Falk (2023), , The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, doi: 10.1093/bjps/axz047

• M. Baumgartner (2015), , Quality & Quantity 49, 839-856.

• M. Baumgartner (2008), , Philosophia 36, 327-354.

Protocol

• Fisher ER, Cragun D,Dedrick RF, et al. (2024), , BMJ Open, 14:e085472. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-085472

• Wang R, Rouleau G, Booth GL, Brazeau AS, El-Dassouki N, Taylor M, Cafazzo JA, Greenberg M, Nakhla M, Shulman R, Desveaux L. (2023), , JMIR Research Protocols, 24/07/2023:46115, doi: 10.2196/46115

• Roczniewska M, Rogala A, Marsza艂ek M, Hasson H, Bakker A, Schwarz U. (2023), , Systematic Reviews,听12:10, doi: 10.1186/s13643-023-02170-z

• Sperber NR, Cragun D, Roberts MC, Bendz LM, Ince P, Gonzales S, Haga SB, Wu RR, Petry NJ, Ramsey L, Uber R. (2022), , Journal of Personalized Medicine 12(8), 1313. doi: 10.3390/jpm12081313.

• Wasmuth S, Belkiewitz J, Bravata D, Horsford C, Harris A, Smith C, Austin C, Miech E. (2022), , Implementation Science Communications 3(1), 88. doi: 10.1186/s43058-022-00332-z.

• Cragun D, Beckstead J, Farmer M, Hooker G, Dean M, Matloff E, Reid S, Tezak A, Weidner A, Whisenant JG, Pal T. (2021),听 , BMC Cancer 21(1), 1099. doi: 10.1186/s12885-021-08822-4.

• Rogal SS, Yakovchenko V, Morgan T, Bajaj JS, Gonzalez R, Park A, Beste L, Miech EJ, Lamorte C, Neely B, Gibson S, Malone PS, Chartier M, Taddei T, Garcia-Tsao G, Powell BJ, Dominitz JA, Ross D, Chinman MJ. (2020), , Implementation Science 15(1), 92, doi: 10.1186/s13012-020-01050-7.

• Rahm AK, Cragun D, Hunter JE, Epstein MM, Lowery J, Lu CY, Pawloski PA, Sharaf RN, Liang SY, Burnett-Hartman AN, Gudgeon JM, Hao J, Snyder S, Gogoi R, Ladd I, Williams MS. (2018), , BMC Health Services Research 18(1), 824.

Book chapters

• Curran, Geoffrey M., Justin D. Smith, John Landsverk, Wouter Vermeer, Edward J. Miech, Bo Kim, Gracelyn Cruden, Maria E. Fernandez, and C. Hendricks Brown. 鈥淒esign and Analysis in Dissemination and Implementation Research.鈥� In ,Third Edition. Oxford University Press, 2023.
  (Includes a subsection on CNA contributed by Edward Miech.)

• D. Cragun (2020),听, in: Handbook on Implementation Science, eds. P. Nilsen & S. A. Birken, Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing. doi:10.4337/9781788975995.00034.
  (First textbook or handbook in implementation science or health services research to mention CNA as an analytic method.)

PhD theses using or on CNA

• Lauren Niles, 2022 (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD) 鈥淓ffectiveness of Maryland Opioid Treatment Program Response During the COVID-19 Pandemic and National Regulatory Exemption Period.鈥�
• Claire Gwayi-Chore, 2022听(University of Washington, Seattle). 鈥淪caling up deworming programs: implementation science approaches to guide the transition from school-based to community-wide mass drug administration for soil-transmitted helminths.鈥�
  (This multi-method study included a CNA analysis to identify听necessary and/or sufficient combinations of intervention delivery activities related to successful implementation of a community-wide public health intervention in three different countries: Benin, India and Malawi.)
• Sepheen Byron, 2022 (University of North Carolina 鈥� Chapel Hill). 鈥淪tate Medicaid Policy Levers Related to Successful Health Information Exchange Among Providers.鈥�
• Laysse Fernanda Mac锚do dos Santos, 2022 (Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG/Brazil), 鈥淥 desenvolvimento da resili锚ncia nas redes de suprimentos da administra莽茫o p煤blica: a perspectiva do capital social.鈥� (ENG: 鈥淭he development of resilience in public administration supply networks: the perspective of social capital鈥�)
• Kelly Coates, 2021 (Portland State), 鈥淎ffecting Absenteeism Through School-Based Health Services Delivery: A Configurational Comparative Methods Study of Oregon's Public Secondary Schools.鈥澨�
  (First standalone use of CNA in an applied analysis in any doctoral-level dissertation in any subject.)
• Jessica Dodge, 2021 (USC), 鈥淓xploring the Social Determinants of Health in a Population with Similar Access to Healthcare: Experiences from United States Active-Duty Army Wives.鈥�
  (First formal pairing of CNA and QCA in an applied analysis in any doctoral-level dissertation in any subject.)
• Davi Pires Andrade Brescia, 2021 (Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG/Brazil) 鈥淩espostas gerenciais a dilemas estrat茅gicos: capturando pol铆ticas de decis茫o e suas funda莽玫es morais.鈥� (ENG: 鈥淢anagerial responses to strategic dilemmas: capturing decision-making policies and their moral foundations鈥�)
• Christoph Falk, 2020 (University of Geneva), 鈥淜onfigurationales kausales Modellieren. Ein theoretisches Fundament und Verfahren fu虉r Kausalanalysen mit crisp-set Konfigurationen.鈥�
• Bruno de Castro Rozenberg, 2020 (Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG/Brazil), 鈥淐omplexidade causal na sele莽茫o de startups para programas p煤blicos de acelera莽茫o: uma abordagem configuracional comparativa.鈥� (ENG: 鈥淐ausal complexity in the selection of startups for public acceleration programs: a comparative configurational approach.鈥�)
• Felipe Alexandre de Souza F茅lix Nunes, 2020 (Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG/Brazil), 鈥淐omportamento de n茫o consumo de produtos dos patrocinadores de Cruzeiro e Atl茅tico-MG pelos torcedores do clube rival.鈥� (ENG: 鈥淣on-consumption of products from the sponsors of Cruzeiro and Atl茅tico-MG by fans of the rival club鈥�)
• Rebecca Whitaker, 2019 (UNC-Chapel Hill), 鈥淎 Study of Preventable Hospital Utilization Among Medicaid-Insured Pediatric Patients in North Carolina鈥檚 Federally Qualified Health Centers.鈥�
  (First doctoral-level dissertation in the United States to prominently feature CNA in an applied analysis.)
• Rui Fernando Correia Ferreira, 2018 (Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG/Brazil), 鈥淓strat茅gia de influ锚ncia: O ganho de vantagens competitivas de empresas em suas rela莽玫es com o Estado鈥�. [ENG: 鈥淚nfluence strategy: Gaining competitive advantages for companies in their relations with the State鈥漖